Pregnant women exposed to air pollution may have children born with smaller ...

Pregnant women who are exposed to dangerous levels of air pollution may give birth to babies with smaller heads, according to a review.

Nitrogen dioxide, a pollutant produced mainly by vehicles, has been shown to affect the growth of the unborn baby in the last few weeks of pregnancy. 

Scientists said there is clear evidence after analysing a slew of studies from across the world that span over a decade. 

They also analysed the impact of poor diet, alcohol and environmental chemicals - but found they don't increase the risk. 

Pregnant women who are exposed to dangerous levels of air pollution, particularly nitrogen dioxide, may give birth to babies with smaller heads, according to a review by scientists at the University of Aberdeen

Professor Steve Turner, who led the study at the University of Aberdeen, said: 'What was unique about our review of the literature is that we looked at unborn babies to see if mothers' exposures to these factors affected fetal development. 

'We used medical literature dating back 13 years, when the first studies linking exposure to foetal measurements was first published. 

There were a total of seven studies where air pollution was measured and linked to foetal size across several countries in Europe, Australia and the US. 

In all of the studies the evidence was clear that in the third trimester, which starts at 28 weeks, exposure to nitrogen dioxide reduced foetal growth.  

Nitrogen dioxide, also known as NO2, is primarily generated by vehicle traffic, released when fuels such as petrol are burned.

But it can also be found in the home from cigarette smoke, central heating boilers, or butane and kerosene heaters and stoves.  

Professor Turner warned evidence shows being born of a small weight raises the risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and asthma. 

He added: 'Our research has shown that the link between exposure and foetal growth is apparent well before birth.

HOW DOES POLLUTION REACH THE FOETUS AND AFFECT ITS SIZE?

The mechanism of how the toxicity that the pregnant woman is exposed to affects the unborn baby is not fully understood but is likely to be a multitude of ways.

The placental circulation bonds two circulation systems: the maternal and the foetal. 

The supply of blood to the placenta is influenced by various factors such as tobacco abuse, medications and hormones.  

The mechanism for mother's diet influencing foetal size assumes that macro and micro nutrients cross the placenta.

The foetus is not necessarily exposed to all the mother's nutrients, for example triglycerides do not cross the placenta.

The mechanism for ambient air exposures leading to fetal growth failure is not understood but ultrafine particles, such as PM10 and nitrogen dioxide, are able to directly enter through maternal circulation.

Theoretically the particles enter the fetal circulation where they may be pathogenic. It could cause inflammation in the blood vessels, affecting growth.

'So any potential interventions need to happen in the early stages of pregnancy.

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