The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of its kind in Europe - but the story of its inhabitants has always been told using Nazi footage, until now.
Never-before-seen footage shot by amateur Polish filmmaker Alfons Ziolkowski in 1941 shows what life was like for Jews inside the ghetto - from children smuggling food, to a dead body on the sidewalk, to Nazi guards dishing out beatings.
The 10-minute film is the only known footage of the ghetto that was not recorded by Nazis, and provides an invaluable historical record of the Jewish experience there.
Polish filmmaker Alfons Ziolkowski shot this footage inside the Warsaw Ghetto in 1941, and it is the only known footage not taken by Nazis showing life inside
The rare footage, which languished in family archives for decades before being uncovered, shows Nazi guards beating Jewish children
A child is beaten for smuggling food in footage that was clandestinely recorded by Ziolkowski, who was a racing driver before deciding to document the ghetto during the war
Until this footage was uncovered, the only known film taken inside the ghetto - the largest in Europe - was shot by a Nazi film crew for propaganda purposes
The black-and-white footage of the Jewish quarter is included in a new hour-long film 'Warsaw: A City Divided' by Polish-Canadian director Eric Bednarski.
Mr Bednarski said: 'The film footage many of us have seen from the Warsaw Ghetto was shot in 1942 by a Nazi German propaganda film crew.
'Their work has been used in literally dozens of documentaries about the Holocaust and the Second World War.
'It was shot from the perspective of occupiers and perpetrators, and was used for anti-Semitic propaganda purposes.
'The footage that appears in my documentary was shot by a Pole, with a completely different perspective.
'This is the first known non-Nazi, non-propaganda footage from the Warsaw Ghetto.'
Despite its value the film had languished in Ziolkowski's family archives for decades until Bednarski managed to obtain it.
Screened for the first time this month at the documentary festival Millennium Docs Against Gravity in the Polish capital, the film shows everyday life in the ghetto.
'We see crowds of people on the street. We see partially destroyed buildings,' said Bednarski, who began work on the movie 15 years ago after film school.
'We see children smuggling food from the Aryan side, as it was called, to the Jewish side. Desperate children who were starving, who were pushing food through a hole in the wall,' he said.
A Jewish child locked inside the ghetto runs to the wall to pass food through a drainage hole
Documentary-maker Eric Bednarski was given permission to use the footage in his film Warsaw: A City Divided, marking the first time it has been shown to the public
People who appear to be new arrivals at the ghetto clutch suitcases before being marshalled inside. At its height the ghetto contained 400,000 people in an area of just 1.3 square miles
